Visual Studio 2010 공식 팀 블로그 @vsts2010

class D
{
    private int[] nums = new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 };

    public int this[int x]
    {
        get
        {
            return nums[x];
        }
    }
}

class C
{
    static void Main()
    {
        D d = new D();
        for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(d[i]);
        }
    }
}

using System;
using Excel = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace OfficeInteropExam2
{
    public class Account
    {
        public int ID { get; set; }
        public double Balance { get; set; }       
    }

    class Program
    {
        static void DisplayInExcel(IEnumerable<Account> accounts)
        {
            var excelApp = new Excel.Application();
            excelApp.Visible = true;
                       
            excelApp.Workbooks.Add();

            Excel._Worksheet workSheet = (Excel.Worksheet)excelApp.ActiveSheet;

            workSheet.Cells[1, "A"] = "ID Number";
            workSheet.Cells[1, "B"] = "Current Balance";

            var row = 1;
            foreach (var acct in accounts)
            {
                row++;
                workSheet.Cells[row, "A"] = acct.ID;
                workSheet.Cells[row, "B"] = acct.Balance;
            }

            workSheet.Range["A1", "B3"].AutoFormat(
                Excel.XlRangeAutoFormat.xlRangeAutoFormatClassic2);
        }

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var bankAccounts = new List<Account> {
                new Account {
                  ID = 345678,
                  Balance = 541.27
                },
                new Account {
                  ID = 1230221,
                  Balance = -127.44
                }
            };

            DisplayInExcel(bankAccounts);
        }
    }
}

using System;
using Word = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word;

namespace ConsoleApplication3
{
    class Program
    {
        static void CreateIconInWordDoc()
        {
            var wordApp = new Word.Application();
            wordApp.Visible = true;

            object useDefaultValue = Type.Missing;

            wordApp.Documents.Add(ref useDefaultValue, ref useDefaultValue,
                ref useDefaultValue, ref useDefaultValue);
        }

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            CreateIconInWordDoc();
        }
    }
}

using System;
using Word = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word;

namespace OfficeInteropExam2
{
    class Program
    {
        static void CreateIconInWordDoc()
        {
            var wordApp = new Word.Application();
            wordApp.Visible = true;

            object useDefaultValue = Type.Missing;

            wordApp.Documents.Add(useDefaultValue,
                useDefaultValue, useDefaultValue, useDefaultValue);
        }

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            CreateIconInWordDoc();
        }
    }
}

using System;
using Word = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word;

namespace OfficeInteropExam2
{
    class Program
    {
        static void CreateIconInWordDoc()
        {
            var wordApp = new Word.Application();
            wordApp.Visible = true;

            wordApp.Documents.Add();
        }

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            CreateIconInWordDoc();
        }
    }
}

class C
{
    public void Foo(object o) { Console.WriteLine("object"); }
    public void Foo(int x) { Console.WriteLine("int"); }

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        C c = new C();
        c.Foo(10);
    }
}

class C
{
    public void Foo(int x, int y) { Console.WriteLine("int twins"); }
    public void Foo(params int[] x) { Console.WriteLine("params"); }

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        C c = new C();
        c.Foo(10, 20);
    }
}

class C
{
    public void Foo(int x) { Console.WriteLine("int"); }
    public void Foo(int x, int y = 0, int z = 10)
    { Console.WriteLine("optionals"); }

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        C c = new C();
        c.Foo(10);
    }
}

class C
{
    public void Foo(int x, int y = 0) { Console.WriteLine("optional1"); }
    public void Foo(int x, int y = 0, int z = 10)
    { Console.WriteLine("optional2"); }

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        C c = new C();
        c.Foo(10);
    }
}

public class Animal
{
    public virtual void Eat(string foodType = "Rice")
    {
    }
}

class Monkey : Animal
{
    public override void Eat(string bananaType = "Rainbow Banana")
    {           
    }

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Monkey m = new Monkey();
        Animal a = m;

        m.Eat(bananaType: "Black Banana");
        a.Eat(foodType: "Hamburger");
    }
}

class Calc
{
    static double CalcRatio(double source,
        double factor1 = 0.87,
        double factor2 = 1.0)
    {
        return source * factor1 * factor2;
    }

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        CalcRatio(92.1, factor2:1.11);
    }
}

class Calc
{
    static int GetNum1()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("GetNum1");
        return 1;
    }

    static int GetNum2()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("GetNum2");
        return 1;
    }

    static int GetNum3()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("GetNum3");
        return 1;
    }

    static void DoSth(int num1, int num2, int num3)
    {
    }

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        DoSth(num3: GetNum3(),
        num1: GetNum1(),
        num2: GetNum2());
    }
}

class C
{
    static int Add(
        [DefaultParameterValueAttribute(10)] int num1,
        int num2 = 30)
    {
        return num1 + num2;
    }

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(Add(15));
    }
}

class C
{
    static double CalcRatio(
        double fact1 = 90.0,
        double fact2 = 0.9887,
        double fact3 = 33.211)
    {
        return fact1 * fact2 * fact3;
    }

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(
            CalcRatio(fact1:40.12, fact3:13.11)
            );
    }
}

class C
{
    static double CalcRatio(
        double superfactor,
        double fact1 = 90.0,
        double fact2 = 0.9887,
        double fact3 = 33.211)
    {
        return superfactor * (fact1 * fact2 * fact3);
    }

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(
            CalcRatio(fact1:(40.12 / 2), fact3:13.11, superfactor:100)
            );
    }
}

public struct S
{
    public int i;
}

class D
{
    public S s;
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        dynamic d = new D();
        d.s = default(S);
        d.s.i = 10;
        Console.WriteLine(d.s.i);
    }
}

public class S : IEnumerable
{
    public int i;

    #region IEnumerable Members

    public IEnumerator GetEnumerator()
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException();
    }

    #endregion
}

public class S : IEnumerable
{
    public int i;

    #region IEnumerable Members

    IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException();
    }

    #endregion
}

public interface IFoo
{
    void M();
}

class C : IFoo
{
    #region IFoo Members

    void IFoo.M()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("C.M()!!");
    }

    #endregion
}

class D
{       
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        dynamic d = new C();

        d.M();
    }
}

class C
{
    static void M(dynamic d) { Console.WriteLine("dynamic"); }
    static void M(string s) { Console.WriteLine("string"); }
    static void M(int i) { Console.WriteLine("int"); }

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        dynamic d = "test";
        M(d);
    }
}

public class C
{
    public int this[int i]
    {
        get
        {
            return i;
        }
    }

    public int this[dynamic d]
    {
        get
        {
            return d;
        }
    }
   
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        C c = new C();
        Console.WriteLine(c[5]);
        dynamic d = 7;
        Console.WriteLine(c[d]);
    }
}

public class C
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        MyDel c = new MyDel();
        dynamic d = new MyDel();

        d();
        c(d);
    }
}

    public static void M(string s){}
   
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        dynamic d = GetSomeDynamic();
        C.M(d);
    }
}

public class D : C
{
    public void Foo(int x) {...}
}

//위쪽 그룹 
d.foo();
d.SomeProp = 10;
d[10] = 10;

//아래쪽 그룹 
c.Foo(d);
C.StaticMethod(d);
c.SomeProp = d;

 class Serializer
{
    internal static bool Serialize<T>(T source, string fileName)
    {
        try
        {
            XmlSerializer serializer = new XmlSerializer(typeof(T));
            Stream stream = new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Create,
                   FileAccess.Write, FileShare.None);
            serializer.Serialize(stream, source);
            stream.Close();

            return true;
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            throw ex;
        }
    }

    internal static T Deserialize<T>(string fileName) where T : class, new()
    {
        T target;
        FileInfo _settingFile = new FileInfo(fileName);
        if (!_settingFile.Exists)
        {
            return new T();
        }

        try
        {
            XmlSerializer serializer = new XmlSerializer(typeof(T));
            Stream stream = new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open,
                   FileAccess.Read, FileShare.None);
            target = serializer.Deserialize(stream) as T;
            stream.Close();

            return target;
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            throw ex;
        }
    }
}

public class Pair
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
}

class Program
{
    static bool SerializePairs(List<Pair> pairs)
    {
        try
        {
            Serializer.Serialize<List<Pair>>(pairs, "Pairs.xml");

            return true;
        }
        catch(Exception ex)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
            return false;
        }
    }

    static List<Pair> DeserializePairs()
    {
        try
        {
            return Serializer.Deserialize<List<Pair>>("Pairs.xml");
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
            return new List<Pair>();
        }
    }

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        List<Pair> pairs = new List<Pair>
        {
            new Pair{
                Id=1,
                Name="홍길동"
            },
            new Pair{
                Id=2,
                Name="루저"
            },
            new Pair{
                Id=3,
                Name="위너"
            }
        };

        SerializePairs(pairs);
        List<Pair> pairs2 = DeserializePairs();

        foreach (Pair pair in pairs2)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(
                string.Format("{0} : {1}",
                    pair.Id,
                    pair.Name)
                );
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Reflection;

namespace ConsoleApplication2
{
    class Program
    {
        public dynamic DynamicCall(dynamic d)
        {
            object obj = 5;
            return d.Foo();
        }

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {           
        }
    }
}

----- 리스트 2 -----

namespace System.Dynamic
{
    public class DynamicObject : IDynamicMetaObjectProvider
    {
        protected DynamicObject();

        public virtual IEnumerable<string> GetDynamicMemberNames();

        public virtual DynamicMetaObject GetMetaObject(Expression parameter);

        public virtual bool TryBinaryOperation(BinaryOperationBinder binder, object arg, out object result);

        public virtual bool TryConvert(ConvertBinder binder, out object result);

        public virtual bool TryCreateInstance(CreateInstanceBinder binder, object[] args, out object result);

        public virtual bool TryDeleteIndex(DeleteIndexBinder binder, object[] indexes);

        public virtual bool TryDeleteMember(DeleteMemberBinder binder);

        public virtual bool TryGetIndex(GetIndexBinder binder, object[] indexes, out object result);

        public virtual bool TryGetMember(GetMemberBinder binder, out object result);

        public virtual bool TryInvoke(InvokeBinder binder, object[] args, out object result);

        public virtual bool TryInvokeMember(InvokeMemberBinder binder, object[] args, out object result);

        public virtual bool TrySetIndex(SetIndexBinder binder, object[] indexes, object value);

        public virtual bool TrySetMember(SetMemberBinder binder, object value);

        public virtual bool TryUnaryOperation(UnaryOperationBinder binder, out object result);
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Reflection;

namespace ConsoleApplication2
{
    class Test
    {
        public int FivePlusFive()
        {
            return 10;
        }
    }

    class Program
    {
        public void ReflectionCall()
        {
            object test = new Test();
            Type type = test.GetType();
            type.InvokeMember("FivePlusFive", System.Reflection.BindingFlags.InvokeMethod, (Binder)null,
                test, new object[] {});
        }

        public void DynamicCall()
        {
            dynamic test = new Test();
            test.FivePlusFive();
        }

        public void NormalCall()
        {
            Test test = new Test();
            test.FivePlusFive();
        }

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Program prog = new Program();

            //for JIT compile
            prog.ReflectionCall();
            prog.DynamicCall();
            prog.NormalCall();

            long limit = 5000000;

            DateTime normalStart = DateTime.Now;
            for (int i = 0; i < limit; i++)
            {
                prog.NormalCall();
            }
            DateTime normalEnd = DateTime.Now;
            TimeSpan normalResult = normalEnd - normalStart;

            DateTime dynamicStart = DateTime.Now;
            for (int i = 0; i < limit; i++)
            {
                prog.DynamicCall();
            }
            DateTime dynamicEnd = DateTime.Now;
            TimeSpan dynamicResult = dynamicEnd - dynamicStart;

            DateTime reflectionStart = DateTime.Now;
            for (int i = 0; i < limit; i++)
            {
                prog.ReflectionCall();
            }
            DateTime reflectionEnd = DateTime.Now;
            TimeSpan reflectionResult = reflectionEnd - reflectionStart;

            Console.WriteLine("Normal Time : {0}", normalResult);
            Console.WriteLine("Dynamic Time : {0}", dynamicResult);
            Console.WriteLine("Reflection Time : {0}", reflectionResult);
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace Co_ContraVariance
{
    class Animal
    {
        public bool Hungry { get; set; }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return "Animal";
        }
    }

    class Mammal : Animal
    {
        public override string ToString()
        {
            return "Mammal";
        }
    }

    class Giraffe : Mammal
    {
        public override string ToString()
        {
            return "Giraffe";
        }
    }

    class Tiger : Mammal
    {
        public override string ToString()
        {
            return "Tiger";
        }
    }

    class Program
    {
        void FeedAnimals(IEnumerable<Animal> animals)
        {
            foreach (Animal animal in animals)
            {
                if (animal.Hungry)
                {
                    Feed(animal);
                }
            }
        }

        private void Feed(Animal animal)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(animal.ToString());
        }

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            List<Giraffe> giraffes = new List<Giraffe>{
                new Giraffe{ Hungry = true},
                new Giraffe{Hungry = true},
                new Giraffe{Hungry = false}
            };

            Program program = new Program();
            program.FeedAnimals(giraffes);
        }
    }
}

program.FeedAnimals(giraffes.Cast<Animal>()); 

우선 어떤 타입 T와 U가 있다고 했을때, 다음중 하나는 참이 됩니다.

1. T는 U보다 크다
2. T는 U보다 작다
3. T와 U는 같다
4. T와 U는 서로 관련이 없다.

위의 코드에서 보듯이, Giraffe는 Mammal의 서브타입이므로 Mammal보다 작습니다. 하지만, Giraffe는 Tiger와는 아무관련이 없는 타입이죠. 이런 타입간의 관계에서 어떤 연산을 T와 U에 대해서 수행했을때, 그 결과로 나온 T'와 U'가 T와 U의 관계를 그대로 유지한다면, 그연산은 covariant하다고 이야기 할 수 있으며, 대입의 방향성과 크고작음을 뒤집고 같음과 관계없음만 그대로 유지한다면(위 리스트에서 1,2번을 뒤집고 3,4번만 유지한다면) 이 연산은 contravariant하다고 이야기 할 수 있습니다.

Giraffe는 Animal의 서브타입입니다. 그렇다면 아래와 같은 코드가 가능하죠.

Animal animal = new Giraffe;

즉, Animal이 Giraffe보다 더 큰(상위) 타입이기 때문에 가능하죠. 하지만 아래의 코드는 컴파일되지 않습니다.

Giraffe giraffe = new Animal();

아래와 같이 하면 컴파일은 문제가 없습니다.

Giraffe giraffe = (Giraffe)new Animal();

하지만, 런타임에서 형변환이 불가능하다고 하면서 예외가 발생되죠. 즉, Animal이 더 크기 때문에, Giraffe는 Animal에 대입될 수 있지만, Animal은 Giraffe에 대입될 수 없습니다. 이게 크고작음에 관련된 대입의 방향성입니다.

단, Giraffe와 Tiger는 둘다 Mammal의 서브타입이지만, 둘사이에는 아무관련이 없습니다.

    class AnimalComparer : IComparer<Animal>
    {
        public int Compare(Animal x, Animal y)
        {
            return 1; //예제를 위해 ㅋ.
        }
    }

    class GiraffeComparer : IComparer<Giraffe>
    {
        public int Compare(Giraffe x, Giraffe y)
        {
            return 1; //예제를 위해 ㅋ.
        }
    }

.......중략.......

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            ........중략.......

            IComparer<Animal> animalComp = new AnimalComparer();
            IComparer<Giraffe> giraffeComp = animalComp;
            Console.WriteLine(giraffeComp.Compare(new Giraffe(), new Giraffe()));
        }